Most complex aspect of microelectronic devices is the fabrication of monolithic ICs. There are mainly two types of monolithic fabrication techniques.
1) DIFFUSION METHOD
2) EPITAXIAL METHOD
Here Diffusion method is described below:
DIFFUSION METHOD – To start with the DIFFUSION process highly polished silicon wafer is placed in an oven. The oven contains a concentration impurity made up of impurity atoms which yield the desired electrical characteristics. The impurity atoms are diffused into the wafer under the controlled temperature and the time that the silicon wafer will remain in the oven. This process is called DOPING. When the wafer has been uniformly doped, the fabrication of semiconductor devices may begin. Hundreds of circuits can be fabricated at the same time on the wafer. Important steps to fabricate the IC are performed in the following order: (Let’s take an example of NPN transistor)
1. An oxide coating is thermally grown over the n-type silicon starting material.
2. By applying the photolithographic process, a window is opened through the oxide layer. This is done through the use of masks.
3. The base of the transistor is formed by placing the wafer in a diffusion furnace containing a p- type impurity, such as boron. By controlling the temperature of the oven and the length of time that the wafer is in the oven, you can control the amount of boron diffused through the window (the boron will actually spread slightly beyond the window opening). A new oxide layer is then allowed to form over the area exposed by the window.
4. A new window, using a different mask much smaller than the first, is opened through the new oxide layer.
5. An n-type impurity, such as phosphorous, is diffused through the new window to form the emitter portion of the transistor. Again, the diffused material will spread slightly beyond the window opening. Still another oxide layer is then allowed to form over the window.
6. By means of precision-masking techniques, very small windows (about 0.005 inch in diameter) are opened in both the base and emitter regions of the transistor to provide access for electrical currents.
7. Aluminum is then deposited in these windows and alloyed to form the leads of the transistor or the IC.
Friday, September 5, 2008
Friday, May 23, 2008
Beganto Excels in Engineering Services for the Electronics Industry
Beganto has now launched a wide range of Electronics Engineering Services like Application Engineering, Parametric Search Engine, Component Engineering, Part Builder, Lead Generation, Outsourced Sampling, and Sample Management.
Beganto's electronics engineering services are targeting to change the way the industry has been operating so far. The industry has been struggling to manage various support services related to the industry. These support services not only take much of their time and energy but the focus area of the company is disturbed too. So to help the electronics engineering industry cope with their struggling and low priority areas, but which have huge impact in terms of the overall image of the company, Beganto has introduced its very innovative and cutting edge services. These services put forth the opportunity to the industry players to be one step ahead of their competitors in this globally competitive industry.
These services help engineering companies in:
1. Focusing on the business of Engineering, developing and designing
2. Not paying Engineers for working in support functions
3. Accessing engineering staff any time even occasionally
4. Keeping design engineers focused on their design projects
5. Making your projects and operations much more cost effective
These services help selling, research, and design in parts and very importantly help in improving the ROI of the cost oriented programs like sampling.
More information can be read on http://www.engineeringservices.beganto.com/engineering-services.html
Beganto's electronics engineering services are targeting to change the way the industry has been operating so far. The industry has been struggling to manage various support services related to the industry. These support services not only take much of their time and energy but the focus area of the company is disturbed too. So to help the electronics engineering industry cope with their struggling and low priority areas, but which have huge impact in terms of the overall image of the company, Beganto has introduced its very innovative and cutting edge services. These services put forth the opportunity to the industry players to be one step ahead of their competitors in this globally competitive industry.
These services help engineering companies in:
1. Focusing on the business of Engineering, developing and designing
2. Not paying Engineers for working in support functions
3. Accessing engineering staff any time even occasionally
4. Keeping design engineers focused on their design projects
5. Making your projects and operations much more cost effective
These services help selling, research, and design in parts and very importantly help in improving the ROI of the cost oriented programs like sampling.
More information can be read on http://www.engineeringservices.beganto.com/engineering-services.html
Wednesday, April 23, 2008
Beganto introduces paid samples on Need-A-Sample
Engineers can now buy samples from distributors using Need-A-Sample, earlier used only to request free samples from suppliers.
Supplementing its breakthrough product Need-A-Sample®, Beganto, Inc. has launched the much awaited tool which allows engineers to buy samples from distributors. The earlier version of the Need-A-Sample facilitated getting free samples from suppliers. This additional capability is based on market research that found that engineers often prefer buying samples. In other cases, free part samples may not be available from suppliers but may be with the distributor for sale. Other than the leading catalog houses, most distributors did not have the tools needed to cost effectively facilitates sample purchases.
This powerful tool for paid samples is available on an integrated platform where users can Search, Source and Track all the samples associated with their projects.
Search
Engineers can use the search functionality to find parts they are looking for. They can select a supplier or search parts across all available suppliers entering a keyword or part number. They can also mention their country of delivery, in stock and RoHS attributes before search. This enables them to have most relevant results for their search.
The search results are articulated in an easy to understand manner and provide the information about the parts that is needed to enable users to decide which parts to order. The results show the name of the suppliers, the distributors from which the searched parts are available, whether these parts are RoHS compliant or not, description of the parts, stock, and price-breaks etc.
Source
At the search results, users can add required parts to the shopping cart by entering the quantity they need. They have the option to buy parts from the distributor or to request free samples for the same part from the supplier. Availability of free samples would depend on the suppliers’ discretion whether they it wants to supply the requested free samples or not.
The free parts are separated and collected in the free samples basket which can be ordered anytime during the session. The ordering process for free samples is not changed.
The users can then use the shopping cart to edit/update the quantity and select the shipping method. Cost of the parts is also displayed accordingly, as calculated. A unique facility of the system is that users are not required to be registered users of the system, though if they are registered (who will obviously have better privileges), can login into the system before giving payment and delivery details. The users can pay using credit or debit cards. A confirmation receipt of the order is provided to the users.
Track
Registered users can track the orders using the Paid Sample Tracker utility of the system while non-registered users can use the Sample Order Status utility. The system allows the users to track the orders in real time.
With the launch of this new tool, Beganto has filled the gap in the sampling activity of the electronics industry. Now the segment of paid samples is not only covered through Need-A-Sample but the possibilities of generating new business opportunities have just gone bigger. This also demonstrates the ongoing efforts made by Beganto to equip the electronics industry with innovative solutions to manage their sampling activity and help generate qualified business leads across all segments. This new tool would not only be useful for distributors and suppliers but is envisioned to be extremely popular among the 45,000+ design engineers registered to use the Need-A-Sample system. Beganto is committed to give engineers a whole new experience equipping them with the easiest way to search, order and track the samples for the electronics parts and a platform which puts the whole supply chain together.
Information about Beganto, Need-A-Sample, and the BeON™ network is available from BEGANTO (www.beganto.com): or by contacting at 1-510-474-1014 (Toll Free) or sales (at) beganto.com. The company is headquartered at 48521 Warm Springs Blvd, Fremont CA 95439.
Supplementing its breakthrough product Need-A-Sample®, Beganto, Inc. has launched the much awaited tool which allows engineers to buy samples from distributors. The earlier version of the Need-A-Sample facilitated getting free samples from suppliers. This additional capability is based on market research that found that engineers often prefer buying samples. In other cases, free part samples may not be available from suppliers but may be with the distributor for sale. Other than the leading catalog houses, most distributors did not have the tools needed to cost effectively facilitates sample purchases.
This powerful tool for paid samples is available on an integrated platform where users can Search, Source and Track all the samples associated with their projects.
Search
Engineers can use the search functionality to find parts they are looking for. They can select a supplier or search parts across all available suppliers entering a keyword or part number. They can also mention their country of delivery, in stock and RoHS attributes before search. This enables them to have most relevant results for their search.
The search results are articulated in an easy to understand manner and provide the information about the parts that is needed to enable users to decide which parts to order. The results show the name of the suppliers, the distributors from which the searched parts are available, whether these parts are RoHS compliant or not, description of the parts, stock, and price-breaks etc.
Source
At the search results, users can add required parts to the shopping cart by entering the quantity they need. They have the option to buy parts from the distributor or to request free samples for the same part from the supplier. Availability of free samples would depend on the suppliers’ discretion whether they it wants to supply the requested free samples or not.
The free parts are separated and collected in the free samples basket which can be ordered anytime during the session. The ordering process for free samples is not changed.
The users can then use the shopping cart to edit/update the quantity and select the shipping method. Cost of the parts is also displayed accordingly, as calculated. A unique facility of the system is that users are not required to be registered users of the system, though if they are registered (who will obviously have better privileges), can login into the system before giving payment and delivery details. The users can pay using credit or debit cards. A confirmation receipt of the order is provided to the users.
Track
Registered users can track the orders using the Paid Sample Tracker utility of the system while non-registered users can use the Sample Order Status utility. The system allows the users to track the orders in real time.
With the launch of this new tool, Beganto has filled the gap in the sampling activity of the electronics industry. Now the segment of paid samples is not only covered through Need-A-Sample but the possibilities of generating new business opportunities have just gone bigger. This also demonstrates the ongoing efforts made by Beganto to equip the electronics industry with innovative solutions to manage their sampling activity and help generate qualified business leads across all segments. This new tool would not only be useful for distributors and suppliers but is envisioned to be extremely popular among the 45,000+ design engineers registered to use the Need-A-Sample system. Beganto is committed to give engineers a whole new experience equipping them with the easiest way to search, order and track the samples for the electronics parts and a platform which puts the whole supply chain together.
Information about Beganto, Need-A-Sample, and the BeON™ network is available from BEGANTO (www.beganto.com): or by contacting at 1-510-474-1014 (Toll Free) or sales (at) beganto.com. The company is headquartered at 48521 Warm Springs Blvd, Fremont CA 95439.
Friday, January 25, 2008
Charge Pump - To Measure Distance
There are several projects where there is a need to measure distances of any object. Sensors are being used frequently for such type of applications but 3D optical measurement is still quite a difficult task for sensors.
The ability to tell the difference how far an object is from the sensor is very useful for imaging applications, and low cost components like sensors are mainly considered for this purpose. Now charge pump can play a significant role in getting all kind of information related to distance from the sensors.
There are two possible methods which can be used to take the information:
By processing a large amount of data quickly.
By modulated light source synchronized with the sensor.
Now, let’s take a brief idea of measuring a distance of any object with the help of modulated light source. Here the charge pump is a Photonic Charge Pump Mixer, a CMOS type, comprises two p-channel MOS transistors working in counter-phase clocking. A transmitter is also used to generate the light pulses which are focused on an imager. The light travel path causes the phase delay with respect to the source which at last is measured. The distance measured is proportional to the phase shift divided by the modulation frequency.
The bias condition makes the transistors to operate between inversion and accumulation conditions at each gate change. Now the minority charge carriers combines with the majority ones which are attracted from the substrate and convert into charge packets that flows to the source terminal. The important point of this device is that the transistor bias conditions depend on the light intensity and the conditions change when the light impinges on the part of the device. There is an integrator behind the charge pump on which the charge gets accumulated after the bias conditions get changed.
The two integrators are connected to two PMOS one at a left channel and the other at the right channel that work independently and the accumulated charge integrates at different time slots. This when synchronized with the modulated light source, the difference of the two outputs (VOR - VOL) is a measure of the light phase shifting and the distance of the backscattering object.
Author: Gary Jones (Component Engr.)
Request Charge Pump's Sample
The ability to tell the difference how far an object is from the sensor is very useful for imaging applications, and low cost components like sensors are mainly considered for this purpose. Now charge pump can play a significant role in getting all kind of information related to distance from the sensors.
There are two possible methods which can be used to take the information:
By processing a large amount of data quickly.
By modulated light source synchronized with the sensor.
Now, let’s take a brief idea of measuring a distance of any object with the help of modulated light source. Here the charge pump is a Photonic Charge Pump Mixer, a CMOS type, comprises two p-channel MOS transistors working in counter-phase clocking. A transmitter is also used to generate the light pulses which are focused on an imager. The light travel path causes the phase delay with respect to the source which at last is measured. The distance measured is proportional to the phase shift divided by the modulation frequency.
The bias condition makes the transistors to operate between inversion and accumulation conditions at each gate change. Now the minority charge carriers combines with the majority ones which are attracted from the substrate and convert into charge packets that flows to the source terminal. The important point of this device is that the transistor bias conditions depend on the light intensity and the conditions change when the light impinges on the part of the device. There is an integrator behind the charge pump on which the charge gets accumulated after the bias conditions get changed.
The two integrators are connected to two PMOS one at a left channel and the other at the right channel that work independently and the accumulated charge integrates at different time slots. This when synchronized with the modulated light source, the difference of the two outputs (VOR - VOL) is a measure of the light phase shifting and the distance of the backscattering object.
Author: Gary Jones (Component Engr.)
Request Charge Pump's Sample
MICROCONTROLLER (For some control application)
Microcontroller is ‘single chip computer’ If you try designing a computer systems (For some control application) using a traditional microprocessor like 8086, you can abandon the project in frustration, trouble is that the microprocessor is just one component of the system and you need to add like RAM, ROM, timers, counters and interrupt circuitry and I/O ports to make it complete. This is complex job and requires sophisticated knowledge of processors internals .It’s here microcontroller comes for our rescue.
Microcontrollers with flash memory, which is non volatile memory that can be erased using electrical signals, the basic idea is to write the programs (mostly in assembly language or ‘C’) on PC and convert into machine language code, belonging to the target microcontrollers instruction set. Once this is done, the machine code can be transferred to the non volatile memory of the microcontroller via simple circuit, connected to the serial or parallel port .This process is called the programming or ‘burning the micro’.
One most expensive device which is known as ‘Piggy Back’ version which has no ROM memory internally, instead pin outs on the top of the microcontroller form a socket in which EPROM program memory device can be installed.
APPLICATIONS:-Microcontrollers are frequently used in automatically controlled products and devices as
1 LCD control
2 Motor controls
3 Remote controls
4 Car Audios
5 Disk players
6 Camera /cane coder
7 Video Game console
8 Washing machine
9 Vacuum cleaner
10 Ventilation systems
11 Microbots
12 Fire and security machines
Author: Mark Thompson(Component Engr.)
Request Microcontroller's Sample
Microcontrollers with flash memory, which is non volatile memory that can be erased using electrical signals, the basic idea is to write the programs (mostly in assembly language or ‘C’) on PC and convert into machine language code, belonging to the target microcontrollers instruction set. Once this is done, the machine code can be transferred to the non volatile memory of the microcontroller via simple circuit, connected to the serial or parallel port .This process is called the programming or ‘burning the micro’.
One most expensive device which is known as ‘Piggy Back’ version which has no ROM memory internally, instead pin outs on the top of the microcontroller form a socket in which EPROM program memory device can be installed.
APPLICATIONS:-Microcontrollers are frequently used in automatically controlled products and devices as
1 LCD control
2 Motor controls
3 Remote controls
4 Car Audios
5 Disk players
6 Camera /cane coder
7 Video Game console
8 Washing machine
9 Vacuum cleaner
10 Ventilation systems
11 Microbots
12 Fire and security machines
Author: Mark Thompson(Component Engr.)
Request Microcontroller's Sample
Thursday, January 10, 2008
DVI (Digital Video Interface Connectors)
DVI was developed by DDWG (Digital Display Working Group) to improve analog and digital image quality in PC applications. There are three types of DVI connectors:
- DVI-A for Analog signals.
- DVI-D for Digital signals
- DVI-I (Integrated) for both analog and digital signals.
Therefore, before buying an LCD, make sure that graphics card has DVI connector and same time also make sure that LCD has it too. Most of the LCD today has both VGA and DVI connector but there may be some which has VGA connector, to save cost.
DVI is digital solution and need no conversion, also faulty VGA cables would result in degradation of quality. Cost is low and high speed way to interconnect peripheral devices.Applications:
- Computer Monitors
- Set Top Boxes
- A/V Receivers
- HDTV
- Computer Video Cards
- High-End DVD players
Author: Mark Thompson(Component Engr.)
Request DVI Sample
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